Abstract: The article analyzes the trajectory of Antônio de Oli veira Cadornega, author of História Geral das Guerras Angolanas (1680). We examine aspects of the work linked to the author’s concerns - the wars involving the Portuguese, the Dutch, and the kingdoms of Congo and Angola - highlighting his Lusocentric position. The 1972 printed edition is used, as well as the bibliography about the work and its author. We seek connections between the writing of the text and the Portuguese political crisis in the seventeenth century, including the inquisitorial one, as well as between the history of its editions and the Portuguese context in the 20th century. The focus of our reflection, however, is that Cadornega was a New Christian, through his mother, and may have practiced Crypto-Judaism, whether in his youth in Vila Viçosa, or in Africa, like the group of Portuguese New Christians studied by Horta and Mark in Senegambia, in The Forgotten Diaspora (2011).

Resumo: O artigo analisa a trajetória de Antônio de Oliveira Cadornega, autor de História geral das guerras angolanas (1680). Examinamos aspectos da obra ligados às preocupações do autor - as guerras envolvendo os portugueses, os holandeses, o reino do Congo e o de Angola - destacando a sua posição lusocêntrica. Para tanto, utilizamos a edição impressa de 1972 e a bibliografia sobre a obra e seu autor. Buscamos as conexões entre a escrita do texto e a crise política portuguesa no século XVII, inclusive a inquisitorial, bem como entre a história de suas edições e o contexto português no século XX. O foco de nossa reflexão reside, porém, na condição de cristão-novo do autor, por linha materna, e na possibilidade de ter praticado o criptojudaísmo, seja na juventude, em Vila Viçosa, seja na África, assim como o grupo de cristãos-novos portugueses estudado por Horta e Mark na Senegâmbia, em The Fortgotten Diáspora (2011).

ABSTRACT: Amyloidosis groups a large set of diseases characterized by the deposit of an extracellular insoluble protein known as amyloid. Intraoral presentation of macroglossia induced by amyloidosis is a rare entity that can impair patient function and hide other pathological conditions. We report a case of an 85-year-old woman with no morbid background were the physical examination revealed macroglossia. Primary systemic amyloidosis (AL) definitive diagnosis was made after the tongue biopsy resulted positive under congo red histochemical staining, and serum immunoelectrophoresis had elevated levels for lambda light chains. Primary dental dentistry training on semiotics is imperative to diagnose early stages of hidden pathologies with low life expectancy such as AL, which in 20 % of cases are associated with life threatening diseases like multiple myeloma.

RESUMEN: Amiloidosis se refiere a un grupo de enfermedades caracterizadas por el deposito extracelular de proteínas insolubles llamadas amiloide. La presentación intraoral de amiloidosis con macroglosia como signo primario es una entidad extraña, la cual puede afectar la funcionalidad de los pacientes aparte de la patología subyacente. Reportamos el caso de una paciente femenina de 85 años sin antecedentes mórbidos que al examen físico presenta macroglosia. La biopsia del tejido afectado fue estudiada bajo inmunohistoquimíca con tinción rojo congo, asociada al análisis de laboratorio que consignó un aumento en el componente monoclonal de cadenas livianas lambda. Se diagnosticó como amiloidosis primaria (AL). Se considera fundamental el entrenamiento al odontólogo general para el diagnóstico precoz de estos signos clínicos, por la baja sobrevida de la amiloidosis y la probabilidad de patologías ocultas como mieloma múltiple, el cual está asociado en un 20 % con AL.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Waldenström's macroglobulinemia is a hematological neoplasm belonging to the group of monoclonal gammopathies, which includes systemic symptoms and those related to an increase in M paraprotein. Objective: To describe a case of cardiac amyloidosis associated with macroglobulinemia. Clinical case: Male patient who was admitted for asthenia, dysphonia, and who, during his evolution, developed progressive dyspnea, heart failure and pleural effusion. Additionally, echocardiography showed myocardial granular pattern, while pleural biopsy was positive for Congo red staining. Subsequently, he received treatment with bortezomib, dexamethasone and rituximab, with favorable evolution. Conclusions: In this disease, early diagnosis is an important advantage for survival. Therefore, its management is palliative of cardiac manifestations. The present case shows a diagnostic challenge, in which the less frequent etiologies of heart failure must be taken into account.

RESUMEN Introducción: La macroglobulinemia de Waldenström constituye una neoplasia hematológica del grupo de las gammapatías monoclonales, que incluye síntomas sistémicos y relacionados al incremento de la paraproteína M. Objetivo: Describir un caso de amiloidosis cardiaca asociada a macroglobulinemia. Caso clínico: Paciente masculino que fue admitido por astenia, disfonía, y durante su evolución desarrolló disnea progresiva, insuficiencia cardiaca y efusión pleural. Adicionalmente, la ecocardiografía mostró patrón granular miocárdico, y la biopsia pleural resultó positiva para la tinción rojo congo. Posteriormente, recibió tratamiento con bortezomib, dexametasona y rituximab con evolución favorable. Conclusiones: En esta enfermedad el diagnóstico temprano es una ventaja importante para la supervivencia. Es por esa razón, que su manejo es paliativo de las manifestaciones cardiacas. El presente caso pone en manifiesto un reto diagnóstico, en el cual se deben tomar en cuenta las etiologías menos frecuentes de insuficiencia cardiaca.

Abstract Leucaena leucocephala L., is a Fabaceae with multipurpose agroforestry potential in Asia and Africa, while in Mesoamerica, where it originates, it is usually treated as a weed for cutting firewood and charcoal. Their study establishes that they are excellent producers of biomass in times of drought and how all legumes enter into symbiosis with their rhizobial hosts to fix nitrogen in the soil. In order to identify and characterize the presence of endophytic bacteria within L. leucocephala nodules, yeast, Mannitol, Congo Red Agar (LMRC) culture techniques, Gram stain tests, catalase, growth rate were used. colony morphology, acid production and growth in sodium chloride of isolates; complemented with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The presence of bacteria inside the nodular roots and in vitro culture was evidenced, collected in the practice campuses of the Península de Santa Elena State University (Santa Elena province, Ecuador). All the bacteria presented phenotypic and biochemical characteristics assigned to the group of rhizobia in their interaction with a wild legume little studied and exploited in the area.

Resumen Leucaena leucocephala L., es una Fabaceae con potencial agroforestal multipropósito en Asia y África, mientras que en Mesoamérica, de donde es originaria, es tratada por lo general como maleza para corte de leña y carbón. Su estudio establece que son excelentes productoras de biomasa en épocas de sequía y como toda leguminosa entra en simbiosis con sus huéspedes rizobios para fijar nitrógeno en el suelo. Con el objetivo de identificar y caracterizar la presencia de bacterias endofitas al interior de los nódulos de L. leucocephala se emplearon técnicas de cultivo en medio Levadura, Manitol, Agar Rojo Congo (LMRC), pruebas de tinción Gram, catalasa, velocidad de crecimiento, morfología de las colonias, producción de ácido y crecimiento en cloruro de sodio de los aislados; complementadas con técnicas de microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM). Se evidenció la presencia de bacterias en el interior de sus raíces noduladas y en cultivo in vitro, colectadas en los campus de prácticas de la Universidad Estatal Península de Santa Elena (provincia de Santa Elena, Ecuador). Todas las bacterias presentaron características fenotípicas y bioquímicas asignadas al grupo de los rizobios en su interacción con una leguminosa silvestre poco estudiada y aprovechada en la zona.

Background: the capacity of some stumps of negative coagulase staphylococcus to produce biofilm has been considered by some authors as index of virulence and it is useful to differentiate them of those polluting stumps. Objective: to determine the relationship between the biofilm production for stumps of negative coagulase staphylococcus and epidemic clinical variables. Methods: an observational, analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in stumps of negative coagulase staphylococcus and the relationship between the biofilm production and the selected clinical-epidemic variables of the infected patients, in the Microbiology laboratory in Saturnino Lora hospital in Santiago de Cuba, from January to December 2012. Results: the age groups who had more isolation to negative coagulase staphylococcus, in male and female sex was the 50-59 and the over 60 one. Regarding the non-communicable chronic diseases associated presented in the patients studied, it was observed that the highest number of affected people was those that presented diabetes mellitus and chronic nephropathies. The biggest figure of isolations to negative coagulase staphylococcus corresponded to the nephrology service. The antimicrobials that showed smaller resistance percentage were Vancomycin, Chloramphenicol, Novobiocin, and Doxicicycline. Conclusions: the infection for negative coagulase staphylococcus is frequent in patient with advanced age, and diabetes mellitus and nephropathies are factors to keep in mind. Finally it was demonstrated that the red congo agar means, for their simplicity, high sensibility and specificity can be added to the diagnostic arsenal in our laboratories for the biofilm detection.

Fundamento: la capacidad de algunas cepas de estafilococo coagulasa negativa para producir biofilm ha sido considerada como índice de virulencia y sirve para diferenciarlas de aquellas cepas contaminantes. Objetivo: determinar la relación entre la producción de biofilm por cepas de estafilococo coagulasa negativa y variables clínicas epidemiológicas. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico y transversal, en cepas de estafilococo coagulasa negativa y la relación entre la producción de biofilm y variables clínico-epidemiológicas seleccionadas de los pacientes infectados, en el laboratorio de Microbiología del Hospital Provincial Saturnino Lora de Santiago de Cuba, de enero a diciembre de 2012. Resultados: el grupo de edades donde más aislamientos hubo a estafilococo coagulasa negativa, tanto en el sexo masculino como femenino, fue el de 50-59 y 60 y más años. Respecto a las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles asociadas que presentaron los pacientes, se observó que el mayor número de personas afectadas fueron las que presentaron diabetes mellitus y nefropatías crónicas. La mayor cifra de aislamientos a estafilococo coagulasa negativa correspondió al servicio de nefrología. Los antimicrobianos que menor porcentaje de resistencia mostraron fueron la vancomicina, cloranfenicol novobiocina y doxicicyclina. Conclusiones: la infección por estafilococo coagulasanegativaes frecuente en pacientes con edad avanzada, y ladiabetes mellitus y nefropatías son factores a tener en cuenta. Se demostró que el medio agar rojo congo por su sencillez, alta sensibilidad y especificidad, puede sumarse al arsenal diagnóstico de los laboratorios para la detección de biofilm.

O Corredor do Paramirim representa a zona de máxima inversão do Aulacógeno do Paramirim, no qual predominam zonas de cisalhamento reversas-reversas destrais e vários tipos de dobras. Essas estruturas refletem um campo de tensão segundo WSW-ENE, os quais se desenvolvem nas unidades de embasamento do Aulacógeno, assim como na Suíte Intrusiva Lagoa Real, de idade estateriana, nos supergrupos Espinhaço e São Francisco, de idades estateriana-toniana e criogeniana, respectivamente, bem como no grupo Macaúbas-Santo Onofre, de idade máxima toniana. Um rico acervo de estruturas extensionais truncam as estruturas compressionais do Corredor do Paramirim, sendo caracterizado por zonas de cisalhamento normais e foliação, por vezes milonítica, lineação de estiramento down dip, dobras de arrasto, fraturas de tração e estruturas S/C. Nessas zonas de cisalhamento, o quartzo ocorre truncado pela foliação, enquanto o feldspato apresenta-se fraturado e alterado para mica branca. A distribuição dos eixos-c de quartzo encontra-se no máximo a 14º do eixo Z. Portanto, isso sugere que a deformação ativa os planos basais <a>. O estudo de paleotensão utilizando o programa Win-Tensor demonstrou que o regime variou entre a distensão radial e a pura. A direção de s1 oscilou ao redor da vertical, enquanto que s3 é sub-horizontal, com predominância da direção N230-050º. Idades Ar-Ar em biotita obtidas nas zonas de cisalhamento extensionais variou entre 480 e 490 Ma. Em conjunto, os dados obtidos para as estruturas associadas com o regime extensional tardio descrito neste trabalho sugerem que a sua nucleação está relacionada com os setores distais, rúptil-dúcteis, da zona de colapso gravitacional do Orógeno Araçuaí-Oeste Congo.

The Paramirim Corridor represents the maximum inversion zone of the Paramirim Aulacogen. Reverse-to-reverse dextral shear zones and various types of folds dominate such corridor. These structures reflect a stress field that is WSW-ENE oriented, developed in units of Aulacogen basement, as well as in the Lagoa Real Intrusive Suite, of Statherian age, in Espinhaço and São Francisco supergroups, of Statherian-Tonian and Cryogenian ages, respectively, and in the Macaúbas-Santo Onofre Group, of Tonian age at the most. A rich collection of extensional structures truncate compressional structures of the Paramirim Corridor, characterized by normal shear zones and foliation, which is sometimes mylonitic, down-dip stretching lineation, drag folds, traction fractures and S/C structures. In these shear zones, quartz occurs truncated by the foliation, while feldspars are fractured and altered to white mica. Distribution of the quartz c-axes is at a maximum of 14° from the Z-axis. Thus, it suggests that the deformation activated mainly the basal glide planes in the <a> direction. The paleostress study using the Win-Tensor software demonstrated that the regimen ranged between radial and pure distention. The S1 direction oscillated around a vertical trend, while s3 was sub-horizontal, with a predominant N230-050° direction. Ar-Ar ages in biotite obtained from the extensional shear zones ranged from 480 and 490 Ma. Together, data obtained for the structures associated with the late extensional regimen described in the present study suggest that its nucleation is associated with distal and brittle-ductile sectors of the gravitational collapse zone of Araçuaí-West Congo Orogen.

The term arbovirosis is used to define a group of diseases produced by virus transmitted by arthropod vectors. More than 500 arbovirus have been recognized most of them belonging to 5 families: Flaviviridae, Togaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Reoviridae y Rhabdoviridae. Although they are mainly zoonotic, at least 25 % of them affect humans, being responsible for diseases like yellow fever, dengue or Chikungunya fever. Since January 2009 a military contingent is deployed in the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean integrated in the operation EU NAVFOR-ATALANTA against piracy and protecting the merchant traffic of the World Food Programme Somalia. Vector borne diseases, especially malaria and different arbovirosis (dengue, Chikungunya, Rift Valley fever, West Nile fever) are considered an important public health issue in the Area of Operations (mainly in rural or coastal areas). The vectors of these diseases are widely distributed throughout the region with high infestation rates and increasing every year. This is the reason for this paper with the objectives of: to determine the epidemiological characteristics of the main arbovirosis that might affect the Spanish forces deployed in Operation Atalanta: Rift Valley fever, O'nyong'nyong fever, West Nile fever, Congo hemorrhagic fever, yellow fever, Sindbis virus disease, Chikungunya fever and dengue. It also aims to evaluate the main preventive measures against these diseases used by the deployed Spanish contingent: health education, environmental control and protection against mosquitoes.

El término arbovirosis se utiliza para definir a un grupo de enfermedades producidas por virus, que tiene en común la utilización de artrópodos como vectores para su transmisión. Se han reconocido más de 500 arbovirus pertenecientes en su mayoría a 5 familias: Flaviviridae, Togaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Reoviridae y Rhabdoviridae. Pese a su naturaleza mayoritariamente zoonótica, al menos un 25% de ellas afectan al hombre, siendo responsables de enfermedades como la fiebre amarilla, dengue o la fiebre de Chikungunya. Desde enero de 2009 un contingente militar se encuentra desplegado en el Golfo de Adén y en el Océano Indico integrado en la operación EU NAVFOR-ATALANTA de lucha contra la piratería y protección del tráfico mercante del Programa mundial de alimentos para Somalia. Las enfermedades transmitidas por vectores, en especial la malaria y diversas arbovirosis (dengue, Chikungunya, fiebre del Valle del Rift, fiebre del Nilo occidental) se consideran un importante problema de salud pública en el area de operaciones (sobre todo en zonas rurales y/o costeras). Los vectores de estas enfermedades se encuentran ampliamente distribuidos por toda esta región, con tasas de infestación muy altas y que se incrementa de año en año. Por todo ello nos planteamos este trabajo cuyos objetivos son: conocer las características epidemiológicas de las principales arbovirosis que pueden afectar a las tropas españolas desplegadas en la operación Atalanta: fiebre del Valle del Rift, fiebre de O´nyong Nyong, fiebre del Nilo occidental, fiebre hemorrágica del Congo, fiebre amarilla, enfermedad de Sindbis, fiebre de Chikungunya y Dengue. Así mismo se pretende analizar las principales medidas para la prevención de estas enfermedades realizadas por el contingente español allí desplegado: educación sanitaria, control ambiental, protección frente a mosquitos.

A mastite é uma inflamação da glândula mamária causada principalmente por bactérias, dentre as quais o gênero Staphylococcus ocupa um papel importante. Bactérias pertencentes a este gênero são caracterizadas por expressar fatores de virulência que permitem sua persistência e disseminação no hospedeiro. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar fenogenotipicamente os fatores de virulência de isolados de Staphylococcus spp. a partir de casos de mastite bovina. Foram analisadas 272 amostras de leite provenientes de oito propriedades da região Sul-Fluminense do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Após identificação, obteve-se um total de 250 isolados de Staphylococcus spp. Estes foram submetidos às provas fenotípicas de detecção da produção de "slime" em microplaca e em ágar vermelho congo; produção de hemolisinas e sinergismo hemolítico; produção de caseinase e DNase. Posteriormente foram submetidos à técnica de PCR para detecção dos genes de produção de cápsula (cap5 e cap8), fibronectina (fnbA,e fnbB), "slime" (icaA e icaD) e hemolisinas (hla e hlb). Do total avaliado, 58% (145/250) foi identificado como Staphylococcus spp. coagulase-negativos e 42% (105/250) como Staphylococcus spp. coagulase-positivos, destes 36,2% (38/105) foram identificados como S. aureus, 11,4% (12/105) como S. intermedius e 3,8% (4/105) como pertencentes ao grupo SIG. Apenas 6,4% (16/250) dos isolados foram produtores de α-hemólise, 4,8% (12/250) de β-hemólise e, 1,6% (4/250) de α e β-hemólise. A produção de caseinase foi observada em 66,4% (166/250), e a produção de "slime" avaliada pela técnica da microplaca em 76,8% (192/250) dos isolados, respectivamente. A DNase foi detectada em ECNs (38/145) e S. aureus (14/38). Os marcadores genéticos avaliados para a produção de slime, icaA e icaD apresentaram nenhuma ou leve concordância com a produção fenotípica, respectivamente, utilizando o coeficiente Kappa. Tal dado parece indicar que outros marcadores genéticos podem estar envolvidos com a expressão desta característica. Os demais genes detectados com frequência de 4% (10/250) para cap5 e para cap8, 32,8% (82/250) para fnbA, 4,4% (11/250) para fnbB, 19,2% (48/250) para hla e 18% (45/250) para hlb. O perfil circulante nas propriedades foi o 1: isolado produtor de "slime" e caseinase. O gene spaA foi positivo em todos os S. aureus, apresentando amplicons de tamanhos variados, sendo o tamanho prevalente o de 300pb. A amplificação do gene coa apresentou nove tipos polimórficos distintos, sendo prevalente o amplicon de 600pb. O gene agr foi detectado em todos os S. aureus, com amplicon de 200pb. Foi observado que os genes de virulência estudados estavam distribuídos de modo aleatório entreos 6 distintos perfis eletroforéticos obtidos através da Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado (PFGE).

Mastitis is an inflammation of one or more mammary glands caused mainly by bacteria, among which the genus Staphylococcus plays an important role. Bacteria belonging to this genus are known to express virulence factors which allow their persistence and spread in the host. This study aimed to evaluate the phenotypic and genotypic aspects of virulence factors in Staphylococci spp. isolates from bovine mastitis clinical cases. A total of 272 milk samples from 8 farms in the South-Fluminense region of Rio de Janeiro were analyzed. The samples underwent conventional bacterial identification, yielding 250 Staphylococci spp. isolates. These were tested for the phenotypic detection of slime production by the microplate and Congo Red Agar methods. The hemolysins production, hemolytic synergism, caseinase and DNase production were also evaluated. The isolates were then assayed through the Polymerase Chain Reaction method to detect genes associated with virulence factors such as: capsule (cap5, cap8), fibronectin (fnbA, fnbB), slime (icaA, icaD) and hemolysins (hla e hlb). Regarding the number of isolates assessed, 58% (145/250) were identified as coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. and 42% (105/250) as coagulase-positive Staphylococcus spp. The latter comprised 36.2% (38/105) of isolates identified as S. aureus, 11.4% (12/105) as S. intermedius and 3.8% (4/105) belonging to the SIG group. The hemolisin production was not significant, whereas only 6,4% (16/250) produced alfa hemolysis, 4,8% (12/250) produced beta hemolysis and 1,6% (4/250) was able to produce both. Caseinase production was observed in 66.4% (166/250) and slime production assayed through the microplate method was positive in 76,8% (192/250). DNAse was detected in coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. (38/145) and in S. aureus (14/38). Low association between genetic detection of icaA (38/250) and icaD (54/250) and slime phenotypic expression (192/250) suggest that others genetic markers can be involved in this expression. Regarding gene amplification, the isolates did not show significant correlation between the genetic detection of icaA (38/250) and icaD (54/250) and slime production (192/250), indicating that other genetic markers may be involved in this trait expression. The frequency of the occurrence of the others studied genes was of 4% (10/250) for cap5 and cap8, 32,8% (82/250) for fnbA, 4,4% (11/250) for fnbB, 19,2% (48/250) for hla and 18% (45/250) for hlb. The major circulating strain profile on the farms encompassed slime and caseinase producer strains. The spaA gene was found in all of the S. aureus isolates, presenting varying amplicons sizes, with 300bp being the prevalent size. The amplification of the coa gene showed nine polymorphic variants, with 600bp being the prevalent amplicon. The agr gene was also detected in every S. aureus isolate, with an amplicon of 200bp. It was noticed that the presence or absence of the virulence genes assayed in this study were not correlated with the 6 distinct electrophoretic profiles obtained by PFGE.

Este artigo tem como objetivo discutir as relações entre religião e parentesco entre os bakongo, um dos principais grupos étnicos de Angola. Explora as formas específicas pelas quais este grupo reorganiza-se internamente no contexto de Luanda desde a independência, a partir da entrada de importantes contingentes antes exilados no então Zaire, atual República Democrática do Congo (RDC) em Luanda. Procura-se demonstrar como e porque a religião vem sendo a principal instituição mediadora que integra diferentes instâncias tais como recomposição de redes de sociabilidade e parentesco num contexto urbano, veiculação de identidades étnica e nacional, dando sentido tanto às transformações ocorridas quanto aos processos de continuidade na história recente dos bakongo em Luanda. Esta demonstração se fará através da análise do pentecostalismo em Angola tomando como ponto de observação os bairros periféricos de Luanda de grande concentração bakongo.

This article discusses the relationship between religion and kinship among the Bakongo, one of Angola's main ethnic groups. It explores the specific forms in which this group reorganizes itself internally in the context of Angola's capital, Luanda, since the country's independence when many of them returned from exile in Zaire (presently the Democratic Republic of Congo). It shows how and why religion is the main mediating institution that integrates various levels remaking sociability and kinship networks in an urban context, bringing forth national end ethnic identities and gives meaning both to transformations and to continuities in the Bakongo's recent history. The demonstration will be made by means of the analysis of Pentecostalism in Angola, as observed in neighborhoods where the Bakongo are concentrated.

As amiloidoses constituem um grupo de doenças de depósito. A amiloidose nodular é uma forma rara de amiloidose cutânea primária. Acomete homens e mulheres, geralmente acima de 60 anos. Apresenta-se com nódulos ou placas eritemato-amareladas ou acastanhadas infiltradas isoladas ou múltiplas. A avaliação sistêmica deve ser feita para descartar comprometimento de outros órgãos. É importante o seguimento devido a possibilidade de evolução para amiloidose sistêmica. Relatamos um caso de amiloidose nodular com lesão de aspecto corimbiforme sem sistematização e sem recidiva após dois anos de seguimento.

Amyloidosis is part of a group of deposition diseases. Nodular amyloidosis is a rare form of primary cutaneous amyloidosis. It affects men and women, usually over the age of 60 years. Presenting manifestation of the disease are yellowish-erythematous or brownish nodules or plaques in single or multiple infiltrates. Systemic evaluation should be performed to rule out involvement of other organs. Follow-up of the patient is important because the condition may progress to systemic amyloidosis. We report a case of nodular amyloidosis in which the lesion had a corymbiform aspect without systemic involvement and no recurrence after two years of follow-up.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de herbicidas pós-emergentes no controle das plantas daninhas, e sua seletividade à braquiária (Urochloa ruziziensis) e ao milho safrinha, em cultivo solteiro ou consorciado. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 2x14: cultivo do milho consorciado ou não à braquiária e 14 tratamentos químicos, além de duas testemunhas, com ou sem controle das plantas daninhas. Avaliou-se o controle das plantas daninhas, a fitotoxicidade para braquiária e a produtividade do milho. Todos os tratamentos com herbicidas proporcionaram controle acima de 80% das plantas daninhas aos 14 dias após a aplicação. As misturas formuladas de atrazina+óleo, a 800 e a 1.200 g ha-1, compuseram o grupo de herbicidas mais seletivos a U. ruziziensis; o grupo de menor seletividade consistiu da aplicação isolada de tembotrione ou de suas associações com atrazina. A competição com a braquiária reduziu a produtividade do milho em até 45,3%. Contudo, não houve diferença entre os tratamentos nas parcelas tratadas com herbicidas.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of post-emergence herbicides for weed control, and its selectivity to Congo signal grass (Urochloa ruziziensis) and to off-season corn cropped alone or intercropped. The trial was carried out in randomized blocks with four replicates in a 2x14 factorial design: off-season corn intercropped or not to U. ruziziensis, and 14 different treatments with herbicides, besides two tests with or without weed control. Weed control, herbicide phytotoxicity to U. ruziziensis, and corn yield were evaluated. All herbicide treatments provided weed control over 80% at 14 days after the application. The treatments with atrazine+oil, at 800 and 1,200 g ha-1, formed the most selective group to U. ruziziensis; the group with the lowest selectivity consisted of the application of tembotrione alone and in associations with atrazine. The competition between U. ruziziensis and corn reduced corn yield up to 45.3%. However, there were no differences between treatments in the plots treated with herbicides.

El presente es un artículo de reflexión, el cual resalta la importancia de los ambientes virtuales de aprendizaje como estrategia de apoyo a los lineamientos actuales de las Naciones Unidas, relacionados con los procesos de sustentabilidad global y educación inclusiva. Contiene la reflexión y descripción, de una investigación realizada por dos integrantes del grupo ARKADIUS del programa en Ingeniería de Sistemas de la Universidad de Medellín, cuyo objetivo general consistió en diseñar un sistema interactivo de aprendizaje para La República Democrática del Congo - África. Metodológicamente fue una investigación de tipo aplicativo-experimental la cual generó un prototipo de software diseñado a la medida para apoyar las estrategias postuladas por la teoría de aprendizaje mixto (B-Learning). El modelo pedagógico sugerido, las herramientas tecnológicas utilizadas y la movilización de un equipo investigativo internacional interdisciplinario constituyen igualmente, un aporte a los procesos de internacionalización y proyección social de la educación.

This document is a reflection, which highlights the importance of the virtual learning environments as strategy to support the current tendencies of the United Nations, related to the processes of global sustainability and inclusive education. It contains the reflection and description of a research carried out by two members of the ARKADIUS research group of Computer Science Engineering program of Universidad de Medellín; which general target consisted of designing an interactive learning system for the Democratic Republic of Congo - Africa. Methodologically it was an applicative-experimental research, which generated a prototype of software tailored to support the strategies stated by the theory of Blended Learning. The pedagogic model suggested, technological tools used, and the mobilization of an international and interdisciplinary research team, can be considered as a contribution to the processes of internationalization and social projection of education

Papaya is amongst the most common fruits grown in Ethiopia and it is being affected by a decline disorder recently reported as causing yield losses over 30% in the major farms. In North Kivu, DRC, papaya is the major cash crop grown for latex, which is exported to Europe for papaine production. Since 1997, a disease has been gradually spread and seriously affected the papaya crop and latex yields. In Cuba, papaya has become one of the most important export crops, mainly for the Canadian and European markets. Recently, a papaya bunchy top like disease (PBT-like) has been associated with the 16SrII phytoplasma group, Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia, in the east of Cuba; however, there is no information about the situation of the disease throughout the country. On the other hand, it is required to know the pathogens associated with papaya diseases in Ethiopia and DRC. During 2005-06, leaf samples, including from healthy plants, were collected from symptom papaya plantations surveyed in the three countries and they were tested for rickettsias, papaya ringspot virus and phytoplasmas, which have been the most common plant pathogens associated with papaya diseases worldwide. Total DNA and RNA were extracted and indexed by PCR assays and sequencing of target genes. A 16SrII phytoplasma was identified in more than 95 % of the samples affected with PBT-like in Cuba and the decline disorder in Ethiopia, while a Moroccan Watermelon Mosaic Virus (MWMV) isolate (Potyviridae family) was associated with the papaya disease in DRC.

La fruta bomba se encuentra entre los frutales más comunes que se cultivan en Etiopía. Está siendo afectada por un desorden tipo declinamiento, recientemente informado en las principales parcelas, y causando pérdidas superiores al 30%. En North Kivu, DRC, es el principal cultivo de supervivencia, cultivado para la obtención de látex que se exporta a Europa, para la producción de papaína. Desde 1997, la enfermedad se ha expandido gradualmente, afectando seriamente los niveles de látex. En Cuba, la fruta bomba se ha convertido en uno de los más importantes cultivos de exportación, principalmente para los mercados canadiense y europeo. Recientemente, la enfermedad similar al cogollo arrepollado, papaya bunchy top like-disease (PBT-like) ha sido asociada con el grupo fitoplásmico, 16SrII, Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia, en el este de Cuba; sin embargo, no existe información acerca de la situación de la enfermedad a lo largo del país. Por otra parte, se requiere conocer los patógenos asociados con las enfermedades de la fruta bomba en Etiopía y DRC. Durante el 2005-06, se colectaron muestras foliares de los tres países, incluyendo plantas sanas, las cuales fueron evaluadas para ricketsias, virus de la mancha anular y fitoplasmas, los cuales han sido los patógenos de plantas comúnmente asociados con enfermedades de la fruta bomba a nivel mundial. El ADN y ARN total fueron extraídos y analizados mediante ensayos de PCR y secuenciación de genes blanco. El fitoplasma 16SrII fue identificado en más del 95% de las muestras afectadas con PBT-like en Cuba y declinamiento en Etiopía. Por otra parte, se asoció un aislado del virus del mosaico del melón de Marruecos, Moroccan watermelon mosaic virus (MWMV) (familia Potyviridae) con la enfermedad en fruta bomba en DRC.

Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of genital ulcer and urethral discharge in Pweto, Democratic Republic of Congo, and to analyze the association between the estimated prevalence and age, marital status, profession, and number of sexual partners. Methods: We performed a descriptive cross-sectional study through a survey conducted in May 2004 in a representative sample of 106 men in Pweto aged between 15 and 65 years old, with a precision of 9.5%. Questionnaire items about current or previous ulceration and urethral discharge where self-reported and referred to the previous year as of the date of the survey. To study the associations, crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) were calculated using multivariate logistic regression. Results: The prevalence was 39.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 30-49) for urethral discharge and 33% (95%CI, 24-42) for genital ulcer. Soldiers were identified as a risk group independently of age, the number of sexual partners during the previous year, and marital status. The multivariate analysis showed an adjusted OR of 3.25 (95%CI, 1.10-9.95) (p < 0.05) for the frequency of urethral discharge in soldiers compared with other professions. Conclusions: The high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in Pweto and the associated factors identified prompted the initiation of a controlled condom donation program for soldiers. In conflict situations with a high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections and lack of health services, humanitarian aid organizations should implement prevention activities focused on risk groups.

Objetivos: Estimar la prevalencia de ulceración genital y exudado uretral en Pweto, República Democrática del Congo, así como analizar la asociación de las prevalencias estimadas, con la edad, el estado civil, la profesión y el número de parejas sexuales. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo y transversal mediante encuesta, realizada a una muestra representativa de 106 varones de Pweto, de entre 15 y 65 años de edad, en mayo de 2004, con una precisión del 9,5%. Las preguntas sobre la presencia actual o antecedentes de ulceración y exudado fueron autoinformadas y referidas al último año a partir del día de la encuesta. Para el estudio de las asociaciones, se calculó la odds ratio (OR) cruda y posteriormente la OR ajustada mediante una regresión logística multivariante. Resultados: La prevalencia fue del 39,6% (intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%, 30-49) para el exudado uretral y del 33% (IC del 95%, 24-42) para la ulceración genital. Independientemente de la edad, el número de parejas sexuales durante el último año y el estado civil, los militares fueron identificados como un grupo de riesgo. El análisis multivariante nos muestra una OR ajustada de 3,25 (IC del 95%, 1,10-9,95; p < 0,05) para la frecuencia del exudado uretral de los militares frente a otras profesiones. Conclusiones: La alta prevalencia de infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) en Pweto y las asociaciones encontradas desencadenaron la instauración de un programa de donación supervisada de preservativos para los militares. En situaciones de conflicto, con alta prevalencia de ITS y los servicios sanitarios deficientes, las organizaciones de ayuda humanitaria deberían implementar actividades de prevención focalizadas en los grupos de riesgo.

Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of genital ulcer and urethral discharge in Pweto, Democratic Republic of Congo, and to analyze the association between the estimated prevalence and age, marital status, profession, and number of sexual partners. Methods: We performed a descriptive cross-sectional study through a survey conducted in May 2004 in a representative sample of 106 men in Pweto aged between 15 and 65 years old, with a precision of 9.5%. Questionnaire items about current or previous ulceration and urethral discharge where self-reported and referred to the previous year as of the date of the survey. To study the associations, crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) were calculated using multivariate logistic regression. Results: The prevalence was 39.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 30-49) for urethral discharge and 33% (95%CI, 24-42) for genital ulcer. Soldiers were identified as a risk group independently of age, the number of sexual partners during the previous year, and marital status. The multivariate analysis showed an adjusted OR of 3.25 (95%CI, 1.10-9.95) (p < 0.05) for the frequency of urethral discharge in soldiers compared with other professions. Conclusions: The high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in Pweto and the associated factors identified prompted the initiation of a controlled condom donation program for soldiers. In conflict situations with a high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections and lack of health services, humanitarian aid organizations should implement prevention activities focused on risk groups.

Objetivos: Estimar la prevalencia de ulceración genital y exudado uretral en Pweto, República Democrática del Congo, así como analizar la asociación de las prevalencias estimadas, con la edad, el estado civil, la profesión y el número de parejas sexuales. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo y transversal mediante encuesta, realizada a una muestra representativa de 106 varones de Pweto, de entre 15 y 65 años de edad, en mayo de 2004, con una precisión del 9,5%. Las preguntas sobre la presencia actual o antecedentes de ulceración y exudado fueron autoinformadas y referidas al último año a partir del día de la encuesta. Para el estudio de las asociaciones, se calculó la odds ratio (OR) cruda y posteriormente la OR ajustada mediante una regresión logística multivariante. Resultados: La prevalencia fue del 39,6% (intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%, 30-49) para el exudado uretral y del 33% (IC del 95%, 24-42) para la ulceración genital. Independientemente de la edad, el número de parejas sexuales durante el último año y el estado civil, los militares fueron identificados como un grupo de riesgo. El análisis multivariante nos muestra una OR ajustada de 3,25 (IC del 95%, 1,10-9,95; p < 0,05) para la frecuencia del exudado uretral de los militares frente a otras profesiones. Conclusiones: La alta prevalencia de infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) en Pweto y las asociaciones encontradas desencadenaron la instauración de un programa de donación supervisada de preservativos para los militares. En situaciones de conflicto, con alta prevalencia de ITS y los servicios sanitarios deficientes, las organizaciones de ayuda humanitaria deberían implementar actividades de prevención focalizadas en los grupos de riesgo.